If you know one thing about batteries, it’s that they have one positive and one negative terminal (or pole). When connecting the battery, the positive side goes to the positive side of a device. Likewise, the negative goes to the negative. The energy won’t flow through the circuit if it’s connected the opposite way. Some components work similarly. But why is that? Because of something called polarity.

This article explains what stepper motors are and how they work. It covers basic motor characteristics, shows how to control a stepper motor using an Arduino and a driver module, and presents a practical project where the motor is controlled with a joystick.

This article explains how PIR motion sensors work, what delay time means, and how to read DOUT/SOUT outputs. It includes an Arduino serial example and an ESP32 WiFi project that hosts a web page and sends an email alert when motion is detected.